• Dobrodošli u Poison Shops
'

Tetraetil olovo

Kupite tetrietil olovo

Tetraetil olovo

$1,000.00

Kategorija:

Opis

Tetraethyl lead for sale​| Where to buy tetraethyl lead​

Tetraethyl lead (TEL) is an organolead compound with the formula Pb(C2H5)4. It was historically used as a gasoline additive to prevent engine knocking, but its use has been largely phased out due to severe health and environmental concerns related to lead poisoning.

Kupite tetrietil olovo

General Information

CAS Number

78-00-2

Product Name

Tetraethyllead

IUPAC Name

tetraethylplumbane

Molekulska formula

Pb(C2H5)4
C8H20P

Molekulska masa

323 g/mol

InChI

InChI=1S/4C2H5.Pb/c4*1-2;/h4*1H2,2H3;

InChI Key

MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

CC[Pb](CC)(CC)CC

solubility

less than 1 mg/mL at 70° F (NTP, 1992)
Soluble in benzene, petroleum ether, gasoline; slightly soluble in alcohol
LIPID SOLUBLE
Soluble in all organic solvents; insoluble in dilute acids or alkalies
In water, 0.29 mg/L at 25 °C
Solubility in water: very poo

Canonical SMILES

CC[Pb](CC)(CC)CC

Description

Tetraethyl lead is an organolead compound with the chemical formula C8H20Pb. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that has a sweet, musty odor. Tetraethyl lead was first introduced in the 1920s as an additive to gasoline to enhance its octane rating, thereby improving engine performance by reducing knocking during combustion. The compound consists of a single lead atom bonded to four ethyl groups, adopting a tetrahedral structure, which contributes to its effectiveness as an antiknock agent in internal combustion engines

.

Mehanizam djelovanja

In gasoline engines, TEL functions as an antiknock agent. During combustion, TEL decomposes, releasing free ethyl radicals (C2H5•) that scavenge free hydroxyl radicals (OH•) formed during the reaction. This reduces the concentration of OH• radicals, which are responsible for promoting uncontrolled chain reactions leading to knocking [

].

Safety and Hazards

TEL is a highly toxic compound. Exposure to TEL can cause lead poisoning, leading to neurological damage, developmental problems in children, and kidney dysfunction [

]. Inhaled or absorbed TEL can accumulate in the body due to its lipophilic nature (attracted to fats) []. The severe health effects associated with TEL use, along with its environmental persistence, led to its global phase-out in leaded gasoline starting in the 1970s [

].

Chemical Reactions

, particularly when exposed to oxidizing agents and strong acids. It can react violently with substances such as perchlorates, peroxides, and chlorates, leading to fire and explosion hazards. The primary reaction for its synthesis involves the reaction of chloroethane with a sodium-lead alloy:

4NaPb+4CH3CH2Cl→(C2H5)4Pb+4NaCl+3Pb

Upon combustion in an engine, tetraethyl lead decomposes to form lead oxide (PbO), which helps prevent preignition and engine knocking by moderating the combustion process

.

Biological Activity

Tetraethyl lead is highly toxic and poses significant health risks. Acute exposure can result in symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, headaches, disorientation, and severe neurological effects including convulsions and coma. Chronic exposure can lead to long-term health issues such as lead poisoning, which affects various bodily systems, particularly the nervous system

. The compound is also classified as a hazardous substance due to its potential environmental impact and persistence in ecosystems. Tetraethyl lead for sale.

.

Synthesis Methods

The primary method for synthesizing tetraethyl lead involves reacting ethyl chloride with a sodium-lead alloy. This process is carried out under controlled conditions to minimize the risk of explosions due to the compound’s reactivity. The resulting product is then purified through steam distillation, which separates tetraethyl lead from byproducts such as sodium chloride and excess lead. Purchase Tetraethyl Lead Solution.

.

Interaction Studies

Research has shown that tetraethyl lead interacts with cytochrome P450 enzymes in biological systems, leading to the dealkylation of the compound into less complex alkyllead species. This metabolic pathway highlights the compound’s potential toxicity and its impact on human health when absorbed through inhalation or skin contact. Best Selling Tetraethyl Lead.

. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that tetraethyl lead can form harmful complexes with various biological molecules, exacerbating its toxic effects. Tetraethyl lead for sale.

.

Similar Compounds

Several compounds exhibit similar properties or applications to tetraethyl lead. Below is a comparison highlighting their unique features:

Compound Kemijska formula Upotrebljavati Toxicity Level
Tetraetil olovo C8H20Pb Antiknock agent in gasoline Highly toxic
Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl C7H9MnO3 Antiknock agent (alternative) Moderately toxic
Ethanol C2H5OH Fuel additive Low toxicity
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether C5H12O Oxygenate for fuel Low toxicity

Tetraethyl lead is unique among these compounds due to its high toxicity and historical significance as a fuel additive before being phased out due to environmental and health concerns. In contrast, alternatives like methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl are less toxic but still effective as antiknock agents

.

Specification

Physical Description

Tetraethyl lead, liquid appears as a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Flash point 163° F. Density 14 lb / gal. Insoluble in water. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption.
Liquid
Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue) with a pleasant, sweet odor. [Note: Main usage is in anti-knock additives for gasoline.] [NIOSH] Flammable, but not pyrophoric and does not react with water; [Sullivan, p. 979]
COLOURLESS VISCOUS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.
Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue) with a pleasant, sweet odor. Best Selling Tetraethyl Lead.

Color/Form

Colorless, oily liquid
Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue).

Exact Mass

324.13315 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

324.13315 g/mol

Boiling Point

392 °F at 760 mm Hg Decomposes between 230 – 392° F. (EPA, 1998)
About 200 °C, also stated as 227.7 °C with decomp
392 °F

Flash Point

200 °F (EPA, 1998)
200 °F (closed cup); 185 °F (open cup)
200 °F (93 °C) (closed cup)
93 °C c.c.
200 °F

Heavy Atom Count

9

Vapor Density

8.6 (EPA, 1998) (Relative to Air)
8.6 (Air = 1)
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 8.6
8.6

Density

1.653 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)
1.653 at 20 °C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.7
1.65

Odor

Musty odor
Pleasant, sweet odo

Decomposition

Failure to cover the residue with water after emptying a tank of the compound caused explosive decomposition after several days.
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) can decompose with explosive violence, if temperature is >80 °C.
Rust and some metals cause decomposition.
Decomposes when exposed to sunlight or allowed to evaporate; forms triethyl lead, which is also a poisonous compound, as one of its decomposition products. … When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of lead.
The combustion of leaded petrol in the internal combustion engine results in complete destruction of the lead alkyl. The organic side-chains will be reduced to water and carbon dioxide, and the lead will either be removed by the ethylene halide scavenger or end up suspended, or as sludge, in the crankcase lubricant.
>110 °C

Others

UNII

13426ZWT6A

Mehanizam djelovanja

INTRAGASTRIC ADMIN OF ACUTE DOSES OF TETRAETHYLLEAD (TEL) TO ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS INCREASED DOPAMINE UPTAKE INTO STRIATAL SYNAPTOSOMES. TEL DECREASED 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE INTO HYPOTHALAMIC SYNAPTOSOMES, WHILE NORADRENALINE UPTAKE INTO CORTICAL SYNAPTOSOMES INCREASED. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DOPAMINERGIC & SEROTONERGIC NEURONES DIFFER IN THEIR RESPONSE TO ALKYL LEAD IN VIVO. Best Selling Tetraethyl Lead.
Trgovina otrovima

Tetraethyl lead for sale

Vapor Pressure

0.2 mm Hg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)
0.26 [mmHg]
0.26 mm Hg at 20 °C
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.027
0.2 mmHg

Impurities

Tetraethyl lead used as an anti-knock compound in gasoline … contains ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, dye, stabilizer, kerosene, and inerts as impurities. Where to buy tetraethyl lead​.

Absorption Distribution and Excretion

Organic lead cmpd, such as tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead, behave as gases in the respiratory tract, and are absorbed to a greater extent than are inorganic lead particles. Organic lead cmpd are also absorbed through the skin of both humans and exptl animals. Tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead are oxidatively dealkylated in the body. Any inorganic lead produced endogenously is distributed in the same pattern as admin inorganic lead, but the parent cmpd and the intermediate dealkylated products are distributed quite differently and in accordance with their lipophilicity. In humans exposed to tetraethyl lead, concn of the parent cmpd and its metabolites, including inorganic lead, are highest in the liver and kidneys followed by the brain and heart … The highest concn of total lead in rats after exposure to alkyl leads are found in the kidney and liver, followed by the brain. In humans, tetraethyl lead was found to be excreted in the urine as diethyl lead and inorganic lead. In rats and rabbits, dialkyl lead is the major metabolite found in urine. Tetraalkyl leads would also be excreted in the feces as inorganic lead, the end product of metabolism. In humans, exhalation of tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead from the lung is a major route of excretion, accounting for 40% (tetramethyl lead) and 20% (tetraethyl lead) of the inhaled dose at 48 hr after inhalation.. Purchase Tetraethyl Lead Solution.
Seven victims of accidental tetraalkyllead poisoning died 5-19 days after poisoning. The highest lead concentration was detected in spleen, liver and kidney tissue.
Tissue distribution studies of lead in rats and dogs exposed to lethal inhalation doses of tetraethyl lead (TEL) or tetramethyl lead (TML) and in men fatally poisoned by TEL revealed lead (Pb) levels of 0.7-13.0 mg/100 g tissue in lung, brain, liver and kidney in three species. Human Pb levels in brain, liver and kidney resembled those seen in corresponding rat and dog tissues.
In cases of accidental poisoning with tetraethyl lead (TEL), liver, kidney, pancreas, brain and heart accumulate triethyllead, and total tissue lead (Pb) concentration correlate with triethyllead concentrations in corresponding tissues.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Best Selling Tetraethyl Lead.

Metabolism Metabolites

After iv injection into rats, tetraethyl lead (TEL) is converted into triethyl lead, which is considered to be responsible for toxic effects seen. … After iv injections of 25 mg/kg bw of TEL into rabbits, main metabolite was triethyl lead …
Dealkylation of tetraethyl lead occurs in microsomes and requires oxygen and NADPH, and has been observed in homogenates of liver, kidney, and brain of rat and rabbit.
Biological degradation of tetraethyllead to the triethyllead cation by rat liver microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital pretreated and methylcholanthrene pretreated rats was studied; nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate and oxygen are essential. Liquid Ethyl Tetraethyl Lead for for sale.
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate and oxygen dependent microsomal metabolism of tetraethyl-substituted derivatives of lead gave rise to ethylene as a major product and ethane as minor product in rats. Reactions were catalyzed by liver microsomal cytochrome P450 dependent monooxygenase. Since formation of ethane and ethylene was differentially inhibited by anaerobiosis, results suggested that a large portion of the ethane produced was derived by a reductive mechanism. Tetraethyl lead for sale.
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Buy Tetraethyl Lead Online.
Biološko oružje

Associated Chemicals

Triethyl lead;5224-23-7

Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens, Flammable – 2nd degree, Reactive – 2nd degree

Methods of Manufacturing

… By action of PbCl2 on zinc ethyl or on a Grignard reagent; by heating C2H5Cl and sodium-lead alloy in autoclave. Production from lead, ethylene, and hydrogen using triethylaluminum as intermediate … .
The best known industrial process for producing … tetraethyllead is the reaction of the sodium – lead alloy PbNa with … ethyl chloride. Where to buy tetraethyl lead​.

General Manufacturing Information

All other petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Petroleum refineries
Wholesale and retail trade
Plumbane, tetraethyl-: ACTIVE
TP – indicates a substance that is the subject of a proposed TSCA section 4 test rule.
Immediately following the production stage, the manufacturer is responsible for blending the lead alkyl with ethylene dichloride or dibromide to create the full gasoline additive package …
Tetraalkyl lead compounds are no longer produced within the United States. Liquid Ethyl Tetraethyl Lead for for sale.
In 1973, EPA announced regulations requiring a gradual reduction in the lead content of each refinery’s total gasoline pool. … Lead content in gasoline peaked in 1973 at an average of 2.2 grams per gallon, which amounted to about 200,000 tons of lead used per year in the United States. In 1995 leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6% of total gasoline sales and less than 2,000 tons of lead per year. Effective January 1, 1996, the Clean Air Act banned the sale of the small amount of leaded fuel that was still available in some parts of the country for use in on-road vehicles. (Fuel containing lead was still permitted for som off-road uses, including aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment, and marine engines). In 1996, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) recommended global phase-out of leaded gasoline. … Purchase Tetraethyl Lead Solution.
Following a phase-down period, in 2000 the European Economic Community also banned most leaded gasoline. … Leaded gasoline is still being phased out in most developing nations. The “Declaration of Dakar,” approved June 28, 2001, involved the World Bank and 25 sub-Saharan African nations in a plan to clean up the air quality in African cities. The most important part of the program was a phase-out of leaded gasoline. … Still, some nations such as Iraq and Jordan continue to use leaded gasoline. Buy Tetraethyl Lead Online.

Where to buy tetraethyl lead​

Analytic Laboratory Methods

REVERSED PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED TO A SENSITIVE CHEMICAL REACTION DETECTOR WAS DEVELOPED FOR SEPARATION & DETECTION OF AIRBORNE INORGANIC & ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS.
SAMPLES OF TETRAALKYLLEAD SPECIES IN AIR WERE COLLECTED ON GLASS BEADS CONTAINED IN A CRYOGENIC TRAP AT -130 °C, DESORBED ONTO A TUBE PACKED WITH OV-101 ON GASCHROM Q & DETERMINED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY. DETECTION LIMITS OF 0.2 NG/CU M PER INDIVIDUAL SPECIES FOR A 1 HR SAMPLING AT 6 L/MIN WERE REPORTED. Purchase Tetraethyl Lead Solution.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-ATOMIC ABSORPTION & GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY SYSTEMS HOLD THE POTENTIAL OF STUDYING THE SPECIATION OF LEAD ALKYLS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING BOTH TETRAETHYL LEAD & TRIETHYLCHLOROLEAD DIRECTLY WITH NO SAMPLING PREPARATION OF ANY KIND IN SEA WATER.
AIRBORNE TETRAALKYLLEAD COMPOUNDS WERE COLLECTED & DETERMINED COLORIMETRICALLY AS LEAD DITHIZONATE. AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD IS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY WITH ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION.
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (48 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Where to buy tetraethyl lead​.

Clinical Laboratory Methods

DIFFERENT METHODS HAVE BEEN EXAMINED FOR ANALYZING TRIETHYLLEAD IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL. QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY OF TRIETHYLLEAD, & LIMIT OF DETECTION OF LESS THAN 10-8 MOLE, WERE OBTAINED WITH SELECTIVE CHROMATOGRAPHY ON KIESELGUHR (EXTRELUT) IN COMBINATION WITH ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY. Liquid Ethyl Tetraethyl Lead for for sale.
CHEMICAL SPECIES OF LEAD IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS POISONED BY TETRAETHYLLEAD WERE IDENTIFIED BY MEANS OF HYDRIDE GENERATION FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY. 21 DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE, THE URINE CONTAINED APPROX 50% DIETHYLLEAD, APPROX 48% INORGANIC LEAD & APPROX 2% TRIETHYLLEAD.
Method: NOAA NST 140.1; Procedure: graphite furnace atomic absorption; Analyte: lead; Matrix: marine animal tissues; Detection Limit: 0.1 ug/g. /Lead/
Method: NOAA NST 172.1; Procedure: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Analyte: lead; Matrix: marine animal tissues; Detection Limit: 0.1 ug/g. /Lead/
For more Clinical Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Buy Tetraethyl Lead.

Interactions

THE INCORPORATION OF LABEL FROM U(14)C-LABELED GLUCOSE IN GLUTAMIC ACID & GABA WAS AFFECTED BY TETRAETHYLLEAD IN A CHARACTERISTIC MANNER IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE BRAIN. GLUCOSE UPTAKE, HOWEVER, WAS NOT INFLUENCED. PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE REVERSED THE EFFECT OF TETRAETHYLLEAD ON THE INCORPORATION, ESPECIALLY IN THE CEREBELLUM & BRAINSTEM, BUT WITH LITTLE EFFECT IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. Best Selling Tetraethyl Lead.
Trgovine otrovima

 

Recenzije

Još nema recenzija.

Budite prvi koji će recenzirati “Tetraethyl Lead”

Vaša adresa e-pošte neće biti objavljena. Obavezna polja su označena sa * (obavezno)

Povezani proizvodi

greška: Sadržaj je zaštićen !!

Dodaj u košaricu